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AWS

CloudTrail

Primary AWS API/audit trail: who called what API against which resource, from where?

High-value field Use
eventTime Timeline
eventSource / eventName Service and action
awsRegion Region scope
sourceIPAddress / userAgent Origin and client/tool
userIdentity Principal, ARN, account, key, session
requestParameters / responseElements Target and result details
errorCode / errorMessage Failure context

Inspect userIdentity.type, principalId, arn, accountId, accessKeyId, and sessionContext.

High-value events

Category Events
Authentication ConsoleLogin
IAM users/roles CreateUser, DeleteUser, CreateRole, DeleteRole
Policies/groups AttachUserPolicy, AttachRolePolicy, PutUserPolicy, PutRolePolicy, AddUserToGroup
Credentials CreateAccessKey, UpdateAccessKey, CreateLoginProfile, UpdateLoginProfile
Role use AssumeRole
Logging changes StopLogging, DeleteTrail, UpdateTrail
EC2/network RunInstances, TerminateInstances, AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress, ModifyInstanceAttribute
S3 CreateBucket, DeleteBucket, PutBucketPolicy, PutBucketAcl, GetObject, PutObject, DeleteObject
Secrets/KMS GetSecretValue, Decrypt, CreateKey, DisableKey, ScheduleKeyDeletion
Confirm active identity
aws sts get-caller-identity
Recent console logons
aws cloudtrail lookup-events --lookup-attributes AttributeKey=EventName,AttributeValue=ConsoleLogin --max-results 20
Recent access-key creation
aws cloudtrail lookup-events --lookup-attributes AttributeKey=EventName,AttributeValue=CreateAccessKey --max-results 20

GuardDuty

CloudTrail provides raw/audit activity; GuardDuty provides managed findings derived from supported AWS telemetry such as CloudTrail events, VPC Flow Logs, DNS logs, and enabled feature-specific sources.

VPC Flow Logs

Use source, destination, ports, protocol, accept/reject, bytes, and packets. Pivot to ENI/resource identity and CloudTrail changes.

S3 data access

CloudTrail data events or appropriate access logging help establish who accessed which object, when, and from where. Confirm that required data-event coverage was enabled during the period.